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Methods

This study analyzed the prospectively collected data from the COPDGene study (5). All participants provided written informed consent. The original cohort included 10,198 participants at baseline (Phase 1: 2008–2012). In the present study, we examined the first 5,000 COPDGene participants who returned for 5-year follow-up visits (Phase 2: 2012–2016). Among them, 4,684 baseline and 4,538 follow-up chest CT scans were available and assessed for ILAs using a sequential reading method (4, 5). ILAs were present in 6% of the scans (301/4,684) at baseline and in 12%(551/4,538) at follow-up. A total of 633 participants presented with ILAs at either or both of the two phases and were included in this study.