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New paleontological evidence concerning the Early Cenozoic families Micromomyidae, Plesiadapidae, and Paromomyidae suggests that all of these taxa share more recent common ancestry with extant Cynocephalus (order Dermoptera) than they do with Primates. This finding contradicts almost all previous hypotheses, in which the former animals were viewed as the geologically oldest and, in many ways, the anatomically most primitive representatives of the order Primates. A cladistic analysis incorporating the new paleontological evidence suggests that Primates and Dermoptera are sister taxa. The new mirorder Primatomorpha is proposed for this clade, the monophyly of which is only weakly corroborated by available neontological data sets. Within Dermoptera, two new higher-level taxa are erected on the basis of their cladistic relationships: the suborder Micromomyiformes (including Micromomyidae) and the …