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ThetaxonomyofAnemoneL. speciesdistributedintheSouthemHemispherewas re-evaluatedonthebasisofa criticalmorphologicalanalysisoftheavailableherbarium material. A conspectus, key, detailedmorphologicaldescriptions, togetherwithfiguresof flowersandfruits, andcriticalnotesonalltaxaarepresented. We accept21Anemone speciesrepresentingninesections, andweconfirmthevalidityofA. triternatα, A. fanniniiandA. peruvianawhichwerenotacceptedbyotherauthors. We interpretthe mo 叩 hological similarities between A. thomsonii, A. caffra and A. janninii, A. angustiloba, A. crassifolia, A. hepatic ザ'oliaandA. rigidaascorrespondingtothesection level. We describeonesubsectionwithinsect. Anemoneandthreeserieswithinsect. Rivularidium. WithinthesouthemhemisphereAnemonegrouptheendelIuctaxadominateandallthemonotypicsections 紅 eendemic. Themajorityofsouthemspecies 紅 e componentsofnon-tropicalfloras, likethenorthemtaxabecausethey ぽ efoundinhigh montaneareas. Onlya fewofthem (viz., A. thomsonii, A. angustiloba, A. peruvianaand A. jamesonii) 訂'eultra-oreophytes (growingatelevationsof2500-4000m); A. decapeωlaandA. multifidaoccuralt. 100-3700m. Fivespecies (A. somaliensis, A. capensis, A. antucensis, A. αssibrasilianaandA. moorei) canberegardedashot-tropicalplants, being distributedalt. 300-1200m.