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In order to study the causes and effects of past changes in Earth’s climate, precise and accurate chronologies and chronometers are key. Many paleoclimate proxy records rely on measurements of the concentration of radiocarbon (14C) in calcite (CaCO3) or organic matter for construction of their calendar age chronologies. However, radiocarbon-based geochronology, which is theoretically possible to at least 50 ka, is complicated by changing atmospheric concentrations of 14C, which are controlled by:(1) nonconstant 14C production rates in the upper atmosphere, which