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MRT allows specific irradiation of localised and disseminated disease, with potentially fewer side effects than external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). However, aside from obvious improvements in radiochemistry, radiopharmacy, and dosimetry of MRT agents, a better understanding of the radiobiology, ie of the biological effects of ionising radiation of MRT agents, is needed.

Radiobiology has been key in establishing optimal treatment regimens for EBRT whilst protecting healthy tissues. The paradigm of radiobiology is that tumour control probability and side effects are proportional to absorbed radiation dose; radiobiology is thus deeply connected with dosimetry. However, breakthroughs in EBRT effectiveness also required an understanding of concepts that purely fall under radiobiology.