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Despite its popularity, little is known about the measurement invariance of the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9) across U.S. sociodemographic groups. Use of a screener shown not to possess measurement invariance could result in under/over‐detection of depression, potentially exacerbating sociodemographic disparities in depression. Therefore, we assessed the factor structure and measurement invariance of the PHQ‐9 across major U.S. sociodemographic groups.

U.S. population representative data came from the 2005–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts. We conducted a measurement invariance analysis of 31,366 respondents across sociodemographic factors of sex, race/ethnicity, and education level.

Considering results of single‐group confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs), depression theory, and research utility, we justify a …