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Introduction 3. Adult mesenchymal stem cells in cartilage repair 4. Articular cartilage: from structure to function 5. Chondrogenesis is regulated by interplay between numerous intra-and extracellular factors 6. Calcium signalling: a single messenger with diverse functions 7. Ca2+ entry processes in MSCs and in differentiating or mature chondrocytes 7.1. Voltage-operated Ca2+ entry pathways 7.2. Ligand-operated Ca2+ entry pathways 7.2. 1. Purinergic signalling pathways 7.2. 2. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor mediated pathways 7.2. 3. Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) pathways 7.3. Ca2+ release from internal stores and store-operated Ca2+ entry 8. Ca2+ elimination processes in MSCs, differentiating and mature chondrocytes 9. Temporal characteristics of Ca2+ dependent signals 9.1. Day-by-day variation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration 9.2. Ca2+ oscillations in mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes 10. Ca2+ signalling during mechanotransduction 11. Conclusions