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The objective of this research is to assess the ocular and muscular response to long-duration reading under different visual and cognitive difficulty levels.

Thirty-five subjects, with 20/20 vision and without history of ocular pathology or cognitive deficits, participated in the study. Subjects read under different visual and cognitive difficulty levels for 6 (30-minute) conditions. Upper and lower orbicularis oculi, frontalis, and trapezius muscle activities were recorded using surface electromyography (EMG). Aperture size, pupil diameter, and pulse rate of the subjects were recorded with a video camera, pulse meter, and ISCAN eye tracker (ISCAN Inc.), respectively.

The results show that the texts read with a refractive error caused increased orbicularis oculi EMG power and reduced aperture size (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the conditions for pulse …