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PPAR involvement in cell growth was investigated “in vivo” and “in vitro” and was correlated with cell proliferation and apoptotic death. “In vivo” PPARγ and α were evaluated in colon cancer specimens and adjacent nonneoplastic colonic mucosa. PPARγ increased in most cancer specimens versus mucosa, with a decrease in c‐Myc and in PCNA proteins, suggesting that colon cancer growth is due to increased cell survival rather than increased proliferation. The prevalence of survival over proliferation was confirmed by Bcl‐2 or Bcl‐X_L increase in cancer versus mucosa, and by decreased PPARα. “In vitro” PPARγ and PPARα were evaluated in human tumor and normal cell lines, treated with natural or synthetic ligands. PPARγ was involved in inhibiting cell proliferation with a decrease in c‐Myc protein, whereas PPARα was involved in inducing apoptosis with modulation of Bcl‐2 and Bad proteins. This involvement …