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Industrial emissions of lanthanides to aquatic ecosystems increase, but knowledge of the environmental fate of these metals is limited. Here we focus attention upon the distribution of lanthanides in freshwater ecosystems, describing lanthanide partitioning between sediment, water and biota. Since lanthanides are often used as oxidation-state analogues for actinides, their distribution can reflect long-term behaviour of the radioactive transuranics. Concentrations of all 14 naturally occurring lanthanides were measured by ICP-MS in Sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus), common duckweed (Lemna minor), seven different mollusc species (tissue and shell), two sediment fractions (<2 mm and <63 μm), surface water and sediment pore water from five locations in The Netherlands. In all samples, the typical ‘saw-tooth’ lanthanide pattern was observed, which implies that lanthanides are transported as a coherent …