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France, Iraq, Turkey, and Pakistan, have contributed to increased Islamophobia and discrimination against Arab and Muslim American populations. Historically, Arab populations in the US have experienced discrimination and stigma since the 1980s, in large part because of the media’s coverage of crises like TWA Flight 847 and the Gulf War. 1 Arabs residing in the US have experienced a heightened wave of discrimination since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Comments by candidates during the 2016 American presidential election about the need to patrol “Muslim neighborhoods,” the deportation of Muslim Americans, and the closing of national borders to new Arab and Muslim refugees have created a charged and stigmatizing atmosphere for Arab Americans in the US President Donald J. Trump has signed an executive order banning refugees and immigrants from seven predominantly Arab Muslim …