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The aim of this thesis was to improve the development of models describing species sensitivity towards chemical stressors. This included unravelling decisions that might be of importance in the modelling process, obtaining a better mechanistic understanding of differences in species sensitivity, and providing recommendations for applying such modelling approaches within or across different taxonomic groups of freshwater ecosystems all over the globe. To accomplish this global applicability, we primarily focus on traits-based instead of taxonomy-based approaches on the development of predictive models. A trait is a phenotypic or ecological character of an organism at individual or population level, and describes the physical characteristics, ecological niche and functional role of a species within the ecosystem. We make use of traits, because they are transferable across geographies, add mechanistic and …