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POLICYFORUM some fish stocks will be managed primarily to maximize sustainable yield, successful management of fisheries-induced evolution will generally benefit from the recognition of a broader range of ecological services generated by living aquatic resources (fig. S1). This perspective emphasizes that evolution underlies ecology and influences economies. An evolutionary perspective will, therefore,(i) support the ecosystem approach to fisheries management (10–13) by considering how evolution alters ecological relations and management reference points,(ii) comply with the precautionary approach (14) by accounting for uncertainty and risk, and (iii) respect the Johannesburg summit’s commitment to the restoration of sustainable fisheries (15). Environmental impact assessments are commonly used to evaluate the consequences of human activities for ecosystems and society. We propose evolutionary …