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The immune system responds immediately to tissue trauma and to biomaterial implants under the participation of M1/M2 macrophages polarization. The surface properties of biomaterials can significantly influence the tissue repair progress through modulating the macrophage functions. In this study, the surface of poly(propylene fumarate) polyurethane films (PPFU) is grafted with a same density of enantiomeric poly-l-lysine (PPFU-g-PLL) and poly-d-lysine (PPFU-g-PDL), leading to a similar level of enhanced surface wettability for the PPFU-g-PLL and PPFU-g-PDL. The polylysine-grafted PPFU can restrict the M1 polarization, whereas promote M2 polarization of macrophages in vitro, judging from the secretion of cytokines and expression of key M1 and M2 related genes. Comparatively, the PPFU-g-PDL has a stronger effect in inducing M2 polarization in vivo, resulting in a thinner fibrous capsule surrounding the …