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The Amazon Indians Waiãpi living in the West of Amapá State of Brazil, treat malaria with an inhalation of vapor obtained from leaves of Viola surinamensis. The essential oil obtained from adult and plantlet leaves was analyzed by GC/MS and 11 monoterpenes, 11 sesquiterpenes and three phenylpropanoids were identified. Plantlet essential oil caused 100% of growth inhibition after 48 h in the development of the young trophozoite to schizont stage and the sesquiterpene nerolidol (100 μg/ml) was identified as one of the active constituents (100% of growth inhibition was obtained). In addition, examination of [U¹⁴C]-glucose incorporation showed that activity of nerolidol is related to the inhibition of glycoprotein biosynthesis.