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Qualitative and quantitative use of volumes reconstructed by computed tomography (CT) can be compromised due to artefacts which corrupt the data. This article illustrates a method based on virtual X-ray imaging to investigate sources of artefacts which occur in microtomography using synchrotron radiation. In this phenomenological study, different computer simulation methods based on physical X-ray properties, eventually coupled with experimental data, are used in order to compare artefacts obtained theoretically to those present in a volume acquired experimentally, or to predict them for a particular experimental setup. The article begins with the presentation of a synchrotron microtomographic slice of a reinforced fibre composite acquired at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) containing streak artefacts. This experimental context is used as the motive throughout the paper to illustrate the …