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Background: Motor skill competence is positively associated with fitness levels in children and adolescents. It is hypothesized that physical activity is an important mediator in this relationship, however this has not been directly tested using longitudinal data in young children. The purpose of this study was to determine if motor proficiency predicts short-term muscle power (STMP) over time from preschool to early childhood and whether or not this relationship is mediated by vigorous physical activity (VPA). Methods: Participants 3 to 5 years of age were recruited and completed 3 annual assessments as part of the Health Outcomes and Physical activity in Preschoolers (HOPP) Study. Motor proficiency was assessed using the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2nd Edition--Short Form. STMP, including peak power (PP) and mean power (MP), was evaluated using a modified 10-second Wingate protocol on a …