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The use of manufactured cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂-NPs) in consumer products has increased markedly over the past decade, and their release into natural ecosystems is unavoidable. This study investigated the phytotoxicity and uptake of CeO₂-NPs in Arabidopsis thaliana grown in an agar medium. Although low concentrations of CeO₂-NPs had stimulatory effects on plant growth, at higher concentrations, CeO₂-NPs reduced growth and had adverse effects on the antioxidant systems and photosystem. Importantly, the toxicity resulted from the nanoparticles per se, rather than from the dissolved Ce ions. CeO₂-NPs were taken up and subsequently translocated to shoot tissues, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the presence of a large number of needle-like particle aggregations in the intercellular regions and the cytoplasm of leaf cells. The up-translocation factor to shoots was …