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Mammalian survival depends on metabolizing nutrients, storing energy, and combating infection. Complement activation in blood triggers energy‐depleting immune responses to fight infections. Here we identify surprising energy‐conserving roles for complement proteins C5a and C3a and their receptors, C5aR and C3aR, roles that are contraindicated in complement biology. Rats fed a high‐carbohydrate high‐fat diet developed obesity, visceral adiposity, adipose inflammation, glucose/insulin intolerance, and cardiovascular dysfunction that correlated with increased plasma C3a, adipose C5aR, and C3aR. These in vivo changes were dramatically attenuated by receptor‐selective antagonists of either C5aR (5 mg/kg/d p.o.) or C3aR (30 mg/kg/d p.o.), which both reduced proinflammatory adipokines and altered expression of inflammatory genes in adipose tissue. In vitro C5a and C3a (100 nM) exhibited novel …