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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) parallels comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome, dyslipidaemia or diabetes. Although NAFLD is very prevalent in overweight-obese individuals (ie body mass index≥ 25 kg/m2), recent studies point to the presence of NAFLD in non-obese individuals, for both the Asian (< 25 kg/m2) and Caucasian (< 30 kg/m2) populations. This paper discusses the pathogenic pathways and current treatment options of NAFLD in non-obese populations. In this respect, non-obese subjects also need to undergo the medical screening for NAFLD. Across the scientific community, we aim to promote the advancement of knowledge in this emerging field.