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The use and misuse of the P-value has been under discussion for many years in epidemiology, biostatistics and psychology journals (Nuzzo, 2014; Rothman, 2014; Schmidt and Rothman, 2014; Greenland et al., 2016), but recently P-values gained national attention after the American Statistical Association (ASA) released a statement on statistical significance and the use of P-values for data interpretation (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016). The ASA statement provided six principles for using and interpreting P-values (Table I). The purpose of this commentary is to help elucidate the appropriate use of P-values for the readers of Human Reproduction. Through exercises and practical examples, we hope to encourage reflection and discussion regarding the use of P-values in designing our own reproductive health research, interpreting the scientific literature in our field and reviewing the work of our peers.