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Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a betaherpesvirinae of the herpesviridae family. It is a ubiquitous but highly-specific species that causes primary, latent or chronic, persistent infection. In latent infection, immune suppression can reactivate the virus, resulting in a variety of clinical syndromes including encephalitis, retinitis, pneumonitis, adrenalitis, pancreatitis, and enterocolitis. CMV infection is a common source of life-threatening opportunistic infections in AIDS patients. In the nervous system, CMV induces encephalitis, myelitis, neuritis and retinitis. Published results indicate that successful response to ganciclovir can be used to support CMV infection in the CNS. We reviewed a study which described the use of ganciclovir as a treatment for CMV encephalitis in 24 AIDS patients. Here, we also reviewed the molecular biology of CMV, its neuropatogenesis, and the cutting-edge diagnostics of CMV infection. In …