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Recently, Cesarean section is one of the most common major surgical operation in world and also in Turkey. Cesarean section rates of Turkey are quite more than 15% which has been recommended by World Health Organization within “Health For All by the Year 2000” targets. When performed by selective indications cesarean section is a life-saving surgical method for mother and child health. But unselective use can harm maternal and childhood health and increase costs. Cesarean section will contribute to perinatal health services if it is performed in accordance with common use of antenatal courses, encouragement vaginal birth and evidence based outcomes. The aim of this article was to discuss the prevalence of cesarean, its causes and results in the world and in Turkey according to review of recent literature.