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‘Pituitary tumours’ is an umbrella term for various tumours originating from different regions of the hypothalamic–pituitary system. The vast majority of pituitary tumours are pituitary adenomas, also recently referred to as pituitary neuroendocrine tumours. The prevalence of clinically relevant pituitary adenomas is approximately 1 in 1000; other pituitary tumours such as craniopharyngioma and pituicytoma are comparatively very rare. This review addresses the molecular and genetic aspects of pituitary adenomas. We first discuss the germline genetic variants underlying familial pituitary tumours, which account for approximately 5% of all pituitary adenoma cases. This includes variants in established pituitary adenoma/hyperplasia predisposition genes ( MEN1 , PRKAR1A , AIP , CDKN1B , GPR101 , SDHA , SDHB …