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Objective:

Examine associations between chronic inflammatory profiles and outcome 6 to 12 months following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Setting:

University-affiliated level 1 trauma center and community.

Participants:

Adults with severe TBI (n= 87); healthy controls (n= 7).

Design:

Prospective cohort study.

Main Measures:

Glasgow Outcome Scale; serum cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor α), 2 weeks to 3 months, 4-to 6-month averages, 6-and 12-month levels.

Results:

Serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor α were elevated over 3 months following TBI. Multivariate analysis showed that increased cytokine load score was associated with a 1.21 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.38) and 1.18 (95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.37) increase in odds of unfavorable Glasgow Outcome Scale score at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Also …