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Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is the persistent inflammation of the sinus and nasal passages lasting over 3 months. The etiology of CRS is not well understood.

To obtain insights into the disease process, we contrasted the microbiome and immune response from patients with CRS and healthy controls.

A case vs control design was used. Samples were collected in the operating room in an institutional hospital or clinic. Thirty patients with CRS and 12 healthy controls undergoing surgery were recruited.

The microbiome was analyzed by deep sequencing of the bacterial 16S and fungal 18S ribosomal RNA genes. Immune response was measured by quantification of 30 different cytokines by multiplexed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immune cells in the lavage were identified by flow cytometry. The immune response of …