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Demography of South Africa’s children on p. 102. Extended families can of course mitigate the stresses of fragmented families: For instance, father figures need not be biological fathers in order to achieve good outcomes in young people. 16 Orphans, however, are more likely than other children to be living in poverty, less likely to access schooling, and less likely to be living with a parent–and these risks are greater for double orphans than for single orphans. 17 As with any other family, parenting and the context of parenting appear to play a key role in orphans’ vulnerability. For instance, children who lost one or both of their parents due to AIDS-related illnesses, or who are living with a parent who has AIDS, are more likely than other children (including those orphaned for other reasons) to be living in extreme poverty and to suffer physical and psychological abuse; in turn, poverty and abuse increase the risk for transactional sex in these young people. 18