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Background. Traditional rehabilitation improves pain and function in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Neurocognitive rehabilitation has shown to be highly effective after surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. However, its effects in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome have not yet been established.

Aim. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of neurocognitive therapeutic exercise, based on proprioception and neuromuscular control, on pain and function in comparison to traditional therapeutic exercise in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome.

Design. Single-blind randomized, non-inferiority clinical trial.

Setting. Outpatient clinic of Geriatrics and Physiatrics, University Hospital.

Population. Forty-eight patients with shoulder impingement syndrome (Neer stage I) and pain lasting for at least three months.

Methods. Participants were randomly allocated (1: 1) to either neurocognitive therapeutic exercise or traditional therapeutic exercise. Both treatments were provided one-hour session, three times a week for ive weeks. The primary outcome measure was the short form of the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (Quick-DASH questionnaire) for the assessment of physical ability and symptoms of the upper extremity. Secondary outcome measures: Constant-Murley shoulder outcome score for the determination of range of motion, pain and strength;