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A few recent studies provide evidence for performance impairment in dependent opioid abusers enrolled in methadone maintenance programs. However, it is difficult to differentiate the effects of a history of long-term opioid (or polydrug) abuse from the effects of methadone maintenance itself. The purpose of the present study was to address this issue by comparing the performance of a newly recruited group of 20 currently abstinent former opioid abusers retrospectively to two groups (18 methadone maintenance patients (MMP); 21 matched non-drug abusing controls) reported on previously in our laboratory [Mintzer, M.Z., Stitzer, M.L., 2002. Cognitive impairment in methadone maintenance patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 67, 41–51], using the same performance testing battery. The abstinent abusers were demographically similar to the MMP and matched controls, and reported histories of drug use similar to those …