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Microsatellite DNA markers were applied for the first time in a population genetic study of a cephalopod and compared with previous estimates of genetic differentiation obtained using allozyme and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. Levels of genetic variation detected with microsatellites were much higher than found with previous markers (mean number of alleles per locus=10.6, mean expected heterozygosity (H_E)=0.79; allozyme H_E=0.08; mtDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) H_E=0.16). In agreement with previous studies, microsatellites demonstrated genetic uniformity across the population occupying the European shelf seas of the North East Atlantic, and extreme genetic differentiation of the Azores population (R_ST/F_ST=0.252/0.245; allozyme F_ST=0.536; mtDNA F_ST=0.789). In contrast to other markers, microsatellites detected more subtle, and significant, levels of differentiation between …