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Direct carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas (CCFs) are high-flow arteriovenous shunts that are typically the result of a severe head injury. The endovascular treatment of these lesions includes the use of detachable balloons, coils, liquid embolic agents, and covered stents. To minimize the chance of treatment failure and subsequent complications, endoluminal reconstruction using a flow-diverting stent may be added to the treatment construct.

We present 3 cases and review the existing literature.

Three patients with direct traumatic CCFs were treated with either coils, coils and Onyx, or a detachable balloon, followed by placement of a flow-diverting stent for endoluminal reconstruction. All 3 cases had complete angiographic occlusion of the CCFs and recovered clinically. No complications were observed.

We believe that endovascular coil or balloon occlusion of the fistula from …