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Purpose. Human papillomavirus (HPV) disease and vaccines and several controversial issues associated with vaccine administration are reviewed.

Summary. HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States. It is estimated that 20 million individuals are currently infected with HPV, with 6.2 million new infections occurring each year. Although most HPV infections are benign and are often cleared without clinical sequelae, persistent infections are associated with the development of cervical cancer in women and genital warts in both women and men. The identification of the most common disease-causing HPV types has led to the development of a quadrivalent vaccine and a bivalent vaccine. The prophylactic administration of the quadrivalent vaccine has resulted in a 96% efficacy in preventing persistent infection associated with HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 …