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Mycorrhizal fungi are involved in the uptake of nutrients in exchange for C from host plants, and possibly in the transfer of C and nutrients between plants. Ecto-mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) increase uptake rates of nutrients by a variety of mechanisms, including increased physical access to soil, changes to mycorrhizosphere or hyphosphere chemistry, and alteration of the bacterial community in the mycorrhizosphere. They influence mycorrhizosphere chemistry through release of organic acids and production of enzymes. Movement of nutrients within an ecto-mycorrhizal (EM) mycelial network, as well as exchange of C and nutrients between symbionts, appear to be regulated by source-sink relationships. Estimates of the quantity of plant C partitioned belowground (to roots and EMF) varies widely (40–73%) depending on the methodology used and ecosystem studied, and is affected by several factors such as …