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The prediction of outcome is one of the major problems associated with traumatic brain injury. Recently, investigations have been performed on the potential use of circulating cell-free DNA in plasma for clinical diagnosis and prognosis of a variety of conditions. In this study, we investigated DNA plasma concentrations after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its correlation with primary outcome. We studied 41 male victims of TBI, with isolated severe TBI or severe TBI with associated exracranial injuries. Control samples were obtained from 13 healthy male volunteers. Plasma DNA was measured by a real-time PCR assay for the β-globin gene. The mean time for first sampling (study entry) was 11.7 ± 5.2 h after injury; subsequent DNA determinations were performed 24 h after study entry. Mean plasma DNA concentrations were significantly increased in TBI patients (366,485 and 131,708 kilogenomes …