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Results:

25-OHD levels were higher in the males with elementary and secondary education compared with higher education (46.8±18.5 and 43.7±16 vs 39.9±15.3 nmol/l, P< 0.01). Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent (16.7%,(13.1–20.2) vs 10.8%,(8.4–13.2), P= 0.08) and sufficiency was less prevalent (24.6%(20–29.2) vs 33.7%,(29.5–37.8), P= 0.005) in those with higher than secondary education. No differences were found among the females. Male smokers had lower 25-OHD than nonsmokers (40.2±16.6 vs 43.6±15.7 nmol/l, P= 0.004). Deficiency was more prevalent in the male smokers than nonsmokers with secondary and higher education (secondary 16.6%,(10.1–22.4) vs 8.2%,(5.1–11.3), P= 0.006; higher 27.4%,(17.7–37.1) vs 13.2%,(9.0–17.5), P= 0.003). 25-OHD was lower in the obese than in the normal-weight females (34.6±16.2 vs 38.2±17.8 nmol/l, analysis of variance, P= 0.014), but not males …