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POPULATION OPULATION explosion is the major planetary crisis and the World Health Organisation has put great attention on the search for a safe, cheap and socially accepted form of contraception (Waites, 1999). Many indigenous plants were used by Ayurvedic physicians in India from time immemorial for prevention of conception. A number of plant species have been tested for fertility regulation beginning from the last five decades by national and international agencies (van de Walle, 1997; Sharma, 2001; Cocks and Moller, 2002). They exert their effects equally on both female and male reproductive systems. On females, the plants have been evaluated for spermicidal, anti-implantational or post-coital and abortifacient activities, while in males their effects are seen as an anti-spermatogenic, post-testicular effects on sperm motility and viability and anti-gonadotropic properties (Kamboj and Dhawan, 1989; Lohiya and Ansari, 1999). In the present chapter, recent trends on the plant-based contraceptive research is reviewed with the hope that further research will take place to solve the population explosion problem.