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The APHEA 2 project investigated short-term health effects of particles in eight European cities. In each city associations between particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 μ m (PM₁₀) and black smoke and daily counts of emergency hospital admissions for asthma (0–14 and 15–64 yr), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and all-respiratory disease (65 + yr) controlling for environmental factors and temporal patterns were investigated. Summary PM₁₀ effect estimates (percentage change in mean number of daily admissions per 10 μ g/m³ increase) were asthma (0–14 yr) 1.2% (95% CI: 0.2, 2.3), asthma (15–64 yr) 1.1% (0.3, 1.8), and COPD plus asthma and all-respiratory (65 + yr) 1.0% (0.4, 1.5) and 0.9% (0.6, 1.3). The combined estimates for Black Smoke tended to be smaller and less precisely estimated than for PM₁₀. Variability in the sizes of the PM₁₀ effect estimates between …