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 Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a stromal cell-derived cytokine that has multiple effects on hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic systems. In vitro, it enhances the growth of early progenitors and promotes megakaryocytopoiesis and erythropoiesis. In healthy animals, IL-11 administration stimulates megakaryocyte maturation and increases peripheral platelet counts. IL-11 accelerates the recovery of peripheral neutrophil, erythrocyte, and platelet counts in mice that have undergone cytoablative treatment. Therefore, IL-11 may be useful clinically as an agent promoting recovery from hematopoiesis. However, its clinical use in patients with hematological malignancies may be restricted because IL-11 has been reported to stimulate some leukemia and myeloma cells. In the United States, phase I trials have shown that IL-11 accelerates recovery from chemotherapy-induced or bone-marrow transplantation (BMT …