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Contemporary models explaining the exacerbation and maintenance of pain, disability, and distress assign a pivotal role to cognitive biases. These models assume that cognitive biases are maladaptive, trait-like processes and propose that individuals who selectively attend to pain-related information (attention bias), interpret ambiguous pain and/or health relevant information as threatening (interpretation bias), and/or recall pain-related information selectively or as more negative/threatening than initially experienced (memory bias), report higher levels of pain and disability, and are at increased risk of developing chronic pain. 9, 10, 14, 15, 50, 55, 76, 86, 92, 93 This intuitively appealing idea has resulted in an exponential increase in research addressing the presence, antecedents, and consequences of cognitive biases in people experiencing acute and chronic pain. 9, 12, 16, 40, 50, 51, 66, 67, 77 However …