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Using hyperoxia as a model of oxidant-induced lung injury in the rat, we explored the regulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in vivo and in vitro. We demonstrate marked increase of HO-1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels in rat lungs after hyperoxia. Increased HO-1 mRNA expression correlated with increased HO-1 protein and enzyme activity. Immunohistochemical studies of the rat lung after hyperoxia showed increased HO-1 expression in a variety of cell types, including the bronchoalveolar epithelium and interstitial and inflammatory cells. We then examined the regulation of HO-1 expression in vitro after hyperoxia and observed increased HO-1 gene expression in various cultured cells including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. Increased HO-1 mRNA expression correlated with increased HO-1 protein in vitro, and resulted from increased gene …