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Higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines are found in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patient’s brains and inflammation is thought to be a major contributor to the neurodegeneration. During the inflammatory process, microglial release of proinflammatory cytokines act on the endothelium of blood–brain barrier (BBB) cells to stimulate upregulation of adhesion molecules. Consequently, this upregulation leads to the recruitment of passing T cells and monocytes, which express the counter receptors, that then go on to release more cytokines [Whitton, P.S., 2007. Inflammation as a causative factor in the aetiology of Parkinson’s disease, Br. J. Pharmacol. 50, 963–976; Kortekaas, R., Leenders, K.L., Van Oostrom, J.C., Vaalburg, W., Bart, J., Willemsen, A.T., Hendrikse, N.H., 2005. Blood–brain barrier dysfunction in parkinsonian midbrain in vivo, Ann. Neurol. 57, 176–179]. In addition, a systemic inflammatory response results in …