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To account for potential differences in bioavailability (and toxicity) due to different soil organic matter (OM) contents in natural and artificial soil (AS), in the current European environmental risk assessment (ERA) a correction factor (CF) of 2 is applied to toxicity endpoints for so called lipophilic pesticides (i.e. log K_ow > 2) generated from laboratory tests with soil invertebrates. However, the appropriateness of a single CF is questioned. To improve the accuracy of ERA, this study investigated the influence of soil OM content on the toxicity to the earthworm Eisenia andrei of five active substances used in pesticides covering a wide range of lipophilicity. Laboratory toxicity tests were performed in AS containing 10 %, 5 % and 2.5 % peat, and a natural LUFA 2.2 soil (4.5 % OM), assessing effects on survival, biomass change and reproduction. Pesticide toxicity differed significantly between soils. For all pesticides, toxicity …