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Water is delivered through a water distribution network (WDN) in cities. Water flowing in a WDN undergoes continuous variations in terms of its quality and hydraulic characteristics. This chapter reviewed the recent advancements in mathematical methods, tools, and software applied in modeling WDNs. The findings show that WDNs can be designed using classical and/or advanced optimization methods. The variation in hydraulics can be predicted using several data-driven methods, whereas water quality can be predicted modeling water quality processes. Both hydraulics and water quality modeling can be performed and improved using tools and software. Many software are commercially available. The major challenges of modeling are that the models can be very complex and also the models can contain high uncertainties. These findings provide fundamental knowledge of WDN modeling that can facilitate …