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Human activities interfere with natural Phosphorus (P) cycles by introducing increased levels of P emissions to air, land, and water. A supply-side analysis of P supply chains and associated P emissions can provide insights into underlying economic activities and transitions responsible for human-induced P emissions. Taking the mainland China as the case, this study constructs time-series physical input-output tables to describe P supply chains during 1949–2012. Subsequently, it identifies critical products and influencing factors of P supply chains enabling P emissions to the environment (including air, land, and water) from the supply perspective. The results show that phosphate rock, an important initial supplier of P from natural environment to China’s P supply chain, was responsible for 86% of P emissions in 2012. Moreover, food crops and livestock are important initial suppliers of P from soil to China’s P …