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In 2009, China committed to reducing its carbon dioxide intensity (CO₂/unit of gross domestic product, GDP) by 40–45% by 2020 from a s2005 baseline and in March 2011, China’s 12th Five-Year Plan established a carbon intensity reduction goal of 17% between 2011 and 2015. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) of China then established a Low Carbon City policy and announced the selection of 5 provinces and 8 cities to pilot the low carbon development work. How to determine if a city or province is “low carbon” has not been defined by the Chinese government. Macro-level indicators of low carbon development, such as energy use or CO₂ emissions per unit of GDP or per capita may be too aggregated to be meaningful measurements of whether a city or province is truly “low carbon”. Instead, indicators based on energy end-use sectors (industry, residential, commercial, transport …