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Prompted by the protracted nature of the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq and by enemy combatants’ frequent use of explosive devices, traumatic brain injuries (TBI) have become the focus of notable clinical and research attention in the military and Veteran health care environments. Although many of the medical principles and treatment protocols used in the civilian sector to evaluate and treat TBI are applicable to care in the military, there are several unique factors specific to this injury in military and Veteran populations. These factors, which include sustainment of injuries within combat zones, distinct mechanisms of TBI, psychiatric comorbidities, and influences of the military culture on health care utilization, are the focus of this review. According to the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, between 2000 and the first quarter of 2016, there have been approximately 348,000 active duty military service …