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The 49,500 km2 Terai Arc Landscape (hereafter referred to as TAL) is situated in the foothills of the Himalayas and proximate plains, and includes around 15 protected areas of Nepal and India. The Indian portion of TAL, stretching from the Yamuna River in the west to Valmiki Tiger Reserve, Bihar in the east, spreads across five states along the Shivaliks and Gangetic plain. The Nepal part is distributed across 14 districts from Rautahat in the east to Kanchanpur in the west and contains six protected areas. The landscape contains almost all the forests of the Shivalik and Terai regions of India, and over 75% of the remaining forests of the Terai, and Churia and Shivalik foothills in Nepal. Since its recognition as a conservation landscape of global importance by various scientists and NGOs (WWF, 2000; Wikramanayake et al., 2004; Sanderson et al., 2006), numerous projects have been developed to conserve populations of threatened wildlife and ecosystems in the landscape. Pioneering long-term studies on the ecology of tigers and other large mammals have been carried out in Chitwan National Park (NP) and other sites in Nepal since the 1970s (Seindensticker, 1976; Laurie, 1978; Sunquist, 1981; Dinerstein & Price, 1991; Jnawali, 1995), and more recently in India (Johnsingh et al., 2004; Harihar et al., 2009; Jhala et al., 2011). These and other studies have been the basis for the formulation of creative strategies to conserve biodiversity through scientific understanding and partnerships among multiple stake-holders including local communities, government agencies, academic institutions, NGOs and donors. Conservation efforts in recent years …