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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Reagents Powder of Orento was obtained from Tsumura & Co.(Tokyo, Japan), and its components were indicated in Table 1. Orento was suspended in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (D-MEM, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) containing 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum, 100 units/ml penicillin and 100mg/ml streptomycin (culture medium) and was rotated at 4 C overnight. Then, the suspension was centrifuged and the supernatant was filtrated through 0.45 mm-pore membrane. LPS from Porphyromonas gingivalis 381 (PgLPS) was provided by Drs. Tatsuji Nishihara and Nobuhiro Hanada (National Institutes of Public Health, Wako, Japan). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and PD98059 [mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK/MEK) inhibitor] were purchased from Sigma and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Arachidonic acid solution (from porcine liver) was purchased from Sigma. The anti-