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Primary objective: We assess the potential of a panel of serum biomarkers to identify chronic neuronal injury in amateur boxers as compared to healthy controls without any history of head trauma.

Research design: Observational case-control study.

Methods and procedures: A panel of serum biomarkers was measured by a novel biochip array technique on the Evidence Investigator. Serum samples were taken after a 2-month period of nonparticipation in boxing.

Main outcomes and results: Boxers had higher serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE, median [range] 11 [2.3–41] ng/mL) than controls (4.8 [0.78–27] ng/mL, p = 0.014) but unchanged levels of the other brain damage biomarker candidates, S-100B, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and heart-type fatty acid binding protein.

Conclusions: The more than doubled median serum level of NSE in boxers after an extended resting period suggests that …