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Across US history, stereotypes have been used to justify social inequality and discrimination against certain groups (Allport, 1954; Lippmann, 1922). Slavery, for example, was justified by stereotypes of Blacks as savage, primitive, and intellectually inferior to Whites (Duckitt, 1992; Smedley & Smedley, 2005). Exclusion of women from the workplace and higher education in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was justified by stereotypes of women as emotionally irrational and unfit for intellectual pursuits (Shields, 1975, 2007). Restrictive immigration policies have been justified with stereotypes that depict immigrant groups as destitute, immoral “invaders” who threaten American society (O’Brien, 2003; Shinozuka, 2013). These stereotypes result from motivational processes that serve to promote and protect the self from threats, as well as from cognitive processes that serve to save mental energy by simplifying …